Thursday, 30 October 2014

BEST BASIC ELECTRONICS BOOKS EVER

#1 Getting Started in Electronics by Forrest.M.Mims

Make Electronics – Learning by Discovery by Charles Platt

All New Electronics – Self Teaching Guide by Harry Kybett & Earl Boysen

Practical Electronics for Inventors by Paul Scherz

Lead Acid Battery Charger

Here is a lead acid battery charger circuit using IC LM 317.The IC here provides the correct charging voltage for the battery.A battery must be charged with 1/10 its Ah value.This charging circuit is designed based on this fact.The charging current for the battery is controlled by Q1 ,R1,R4 and R5. Potentiometer R5 can be used to set the charging current.As the battery gets charged the the current through R1 increases .This changes the conduction of Q1.Since collector of Q1 is connected to adjust pin of IC LM 317 the voltage at the output of of LM 317 increases.When battery is fully charged charger circuit reduces the charging current and this mode is called trickle charging mode.

Notes .

Connect a battery to the circuit in series with a ammeter.Now adjust R5 to get the required charging current. Charging current = (1/10)*Ah value of battery.
Input to the IC must be at least 18V for getting proper charging voltage at the output .Take a look at the data sheet of LM 317 for better understanding.
Fix LM317 with a heat sink.

Friday, 24 October 2014

SENSORS INTO THE BRAIN

A blue light shines through a clear implantable medical sensor onto a brain model. See-through sensors, which have been developed by a team of UW-Madison engineers, should help neural researchers better view brain activi.

The team described its technology, which has applications in fields ranging from neuroscience to cardiac care and even contact lenses, in the Oct. 20 issue of the online journal Nature Communications.

Neural researchers study, monitor or stimulate the brain using imaging techniques in conjunction with implantable sensors that allow them to continuously capture and associate fleeting brain signals with the brain activity they can see. However, it's difficult to see brain activity when there are sensors blocking the view.

"One of the holy grails of neural implant technology is that we'd really like to have an implant device that doesn't interfere with any of the traditional imaging diagnostics," says Justin Williams, a professor of biomedical engineering and neurological surgery at UW-Madison. "A traditional implant looks like a square of dots, and you can't see anything under it. We wanted to make a transparent electronic device."

The researchers chose graphene, a material gaining wider use in everything from solar cells to electronics, because of its versatility and biocompatibility. And in fact, they can make their sensors incredibly flexible and transparent because the electronic circuit elements are only 4 atoms thick -- an astounding thinness made possible by graphene's excellent conductive properties. "It's got to be very thin and robust to survive in the body," says Zhenqiang (Jack) Ma, a professor of electrical and computer engineering at UW-Madison. "It is soft and flexible, and a good tradeoff between transparency, strength and conductivity."

Drawing on his expertise in developing revolutionary flexible electronics, he, Williams and their students designed and fabricated the microelectrode arrays, which -- unlike existing devices -- work in tandem with a range of imaging technologies. "Other implantable microdevices might be transparent at one wavelength, but not at others, or they lose their properties," says Ma. "Our devices are transparent across a large spectrum -- all the way from ultraviolet to deep infrared. We've even implanted them and you cannot find them in an MR scan."

The transparent sensors could be a boon to neuromodulation therapies, which physicians increasingly are using to control symptoms, restore function, and relieve pain in patients with diseases or disorders such as hypertension, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, or others, says Kip Ludwig, a program director for the National Institutes of Health neural engineering research efforts. "Despite remarkable improvements seen in neuromodulation clinical trials for such diseases, our understanding of how these therapies work -- and therefore our ability to improve existing or identify new therapies -- is rudimentary."

Currently, he says, researchers are limited in their ability to directly observe how the body generates electrical signals, as well as how it reacts to externally generated electrical signals. "Clear electrodes in combination with recent technological advances in optogenetics and optical voltage probes will enable researchers to isolate those biological mechanisms. This fundamental knowledge could be catalytic in dramatically improving existing neuromodulation therapies and identifying new therapies."

The advance aligns with bold goals set forth in President Barack Obama's BRAIN (Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies) Initiative. Obama announced the initiative in April 2013 as an effort to spur innovations that can revolutionize understanding of the brain and unlock ways to prevent, treat or cure such disorders as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, post-traumatic stress disorder, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, and others.

While the team centered its efforts on neural research, they already have started to explore other medical device applications. For example, working with researchers at the University of Illinois-Chicago, they prototyped a contact lens instrumented with dozens of invisible sensors to detect injury to the retina; the UIC team is exploring applications such as early diagnosis of glaucoma.

Additional authors on the Nature Communications paper include UW-Madison electrical and computer engineering graduate students Dong-Wook Park and Solomon Mikael, materials science graduate student Amelia A. Schendel, biomedical engineering research specialist Sarah K. Brodnick; biomedical engineering graduate students Thomas J. Richner, Jared P. Ness and Mohammed R. Hayat; collaborators Farid Atry, Seth T. Frye and Ramin Pashaie of the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; and Sanitta Thongpang of Mahidol University in Bangkok, Thailand.

The researchers are patenting their technology through the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation. Funding for the research came from the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, the National Institutes of Health, and the U.S. Office of Naval Research.

Saturday, 11 October 2014

How To Make A Portable 5V USB Charger (For iPods, iPhones, And Mobile Devices)

How To Make A Portable 5V USB Charger (For iPods, iPhones, And Mobile Devices) Circuit diagram of the charger:-

Required materials:-

This Can Charge An iPod, iPhone, or Mobile Phone. As Long as it has a 5V (or around 5V) It Can Charge it through the USB. I will include the schematic and the PCB Layout. Also This Does Work and Im An Electronics Engineer so I Know What Im Talking About. I Will Include The Links of where you can get the supplies you need. Radioshack has everything you will need except a USB Female Jack. I will include one from a website Jameco. OR YOU CAN BY A USB WIRE AT RADIOSHACK AND SOLDER IT ON. But It (A) Might Not Work because the distance the Current is traveling will cause some of the current to be lost. OR (B) It might take longer to charge. Anyways I would go with the jack from Jameco to be safe. Just Follow The Schematic Or PCB Layout. All the best ....!!!!!

Friday, 10 October 2014

how Fan works to cool us?

How Does a Fan Work to Cool You Off? It feels almost intuitive that the moving air would help keep you cool. After all, that's what a breeze does and, in a pinch, waving a folder in front of your face on a hot day will provide a little relief. But since temperature is a feature of the molecular properties of a substance, the air itself isn't made any cooler by movement—it just makes us feel cooler when it blows by.

On a hot day—or on a not so hot day if it's "wind chill" you're talking about—moving air helps your body with the cooling off process. Humans lose heat—a necessity for thermoregulation—through conduction, radiation, convection, and evaporation. The final two are what account for fans' effects. On a hot day, your body sweats to lose heat through the evaporation of that moisture. In still air, that evaporation causes the area immediately surrounding your skin to reach body temperature and 100 percent humidity—rendering it essentially ineffective to continue the process. A fan, or a breeze, helps by replacing this hot, humid air with cooler, drier air that allows for more evaporation.

Similarly, even without sweat, our body loses heat to the surrounding air simply by convection. If our internal temperature is higher than that of the surrounding air, energy—and thus heat—is transferred. However, once again, in motionless air, this simply creates a boundary area of hot air around you. The breeze from the fan carries that hot air away and perpetuates the process, effectively cooling you off.

Wireless power transmission methods

Wireless power transmission methods
http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/ECEEEEMiniProjects/~3/Rrhr5WEfJF0/450-wireless-power-transmission-methods.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email

Saturday, 4 October 2014

Fan Controller Through Temperature

Fan automatically starts rotating when temperature is hot
http://circuiteasy.com/automatic-fan-controller/

Touch Switch

http://circuiteasy.com/touch-switch

Thursday, 2 October 2014

How Flashlight Works...!!!

Have you ever wondered what happens when you flip a switch to turn on a light, TV, vacuum cleaneror computer? What does flipping that switch accomplish? In all of these cases, you are completing an electric circuit, allowing acurrent, or flow of electrons, through the wires.

An electric circuit is in many ways similar to your circulatory system. Your blood vessels, arteries, veins and capillaries are like the wires in a circuit. The blood vessels carry the flow of blood through your body. The wires in a circuit carry the electric current to various parts of an electrical or electronic system.

Your heart is the pump that drives the blood circulation in the body. It provides the force or pressure for blood to circulate. The blood circulating through the body supplies various organs, like yourmuscles, brain and digestive system. A battery or generator produces voltage -- the force that drives current through the circuit.

Take the simple case of an electric light. Two wires connect to the light. For electrons to do their job in producing light, there must be a complete circuit so they can flow through the light bulb and then back out.

The diagram above shows a simple circuit of a flashlight with a battery at one end and a flashlight bulb at the other end. When the switch is off, a complete circuit will not exist, and there will be no current. When the switch is on, there will be a complete circuit and a flow of current resulting in the flashbulb emitting light.

Circuits can be huge power systems transmitting megawatts of power over a thousand miles -- or tiny microelectronic chips containing millions of transistors. This extraordinary shrinkage of electronic circuits made desktop computers possible. The new frontier promises to be nanoelectronic circuits with device sizes in the nanometers (one-billionth of a meter).

Heespid