Thursday, 6 November 2014
MEASURING THE DISTANCE USING ULTRASOUND
This Project uses Ultrasound to measure distance. Measured distance is displayed on LCD. You can use this digital output data in making many interesting projects such as accident proof vehicle or Robots, object identifier, Sonar (detection of objects under water) etc.
Sound is a mechanical vibration transmitted by an elastic medium. Ultrasound are of frequencies greater than 20,000 Hz. Human can only hear approximately between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz.
The speed of sound travels depends on the medium which it passes through. In the air speed is approximately 345 m/s, in water 1500 m/s and in a bar of steel 5000 m/s. So we can use ultrasound and by calculating Time we can find distance. This type of range finding is also called Sonar. Sonar works similarly to Radar. To measure the distance of a sound ravelled, it needs to be reflected.distance = time X velocity.
In this project you will need Transducer and Sensors for Ultrasound Transmission and Detection. One such Transceivers is HC-SR04 Module. These devices typically transmit a short burst of ultrasonic sound toward a target and detect sound back to the sensor. Beside this you will need Arduino Board and 16×2 LCD Display.
If you are new to Arduino, Please read our post on Microprocessor Project.
Parts used:
a) Arduino Controller Board
b) Ultrasound Module HC-SR04
c) 16X2 LCD
C PROGRAM TO BE UPLOADED IN ARDUINO
//programme by circuiteasy.com
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);
const int trigPin = 8;
const int echoPin = 13;
void setup()
{
lcd.begin(16, 2);
}
void loop()
{
long int duration, inches, meter;
pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);
duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);
inches = microsecondsToInches(duration);
meter = microsecondsToMeters(duration);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print(inches);
lcd.setCursor(5,0);
lcd.print("Inches");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(meter);
lcd.setCursor(5,1);
lcd.print("Meter");
delay(1000);
}
long int microsecondsToInches(long microseconds)
{
return microseconds / 74 / 2;
}
long int microsecondsToMeters(long microseconds)
{
return microseconds / 2900 / 2;
}
Thursday, 30 October 2014
BEST BASIC ELECTRONICS BOOKS EVER
#1 Getting Started in Electronics by Forrest.M.Mims
Make Electronics – Learning by Discovery by Charles Platt
All New Electronics – Self Teaching Guide by Harry Kybett & Earl Boysen
Practical Electronics for Inventors by Paul Scherz
Lead Acid Battery Charger
Here is a lead acid battery charger circuit using IC LM 317.The IC here provides the correct charging voltage for the battery.A battery must be charged with 1/10 its Ah value.This charging circuit is designed based on this fact.The charging current for the battery is controlled by Q1 ,R1,R4 and R5. Potentiometer R5 can be used to set the charging current.As the battery gets charged the the current through R1 increases .This changes the conduction of Q1.Since collector of Q1 is connected to adjust pin of IC LM 317 the voltage at the output of of LM 317 increases.When battery is fully charged charger circuit reduces the charging current and this mode is called trickle charging mode.Notes .
- Connect a battery to the circuit in series with a ammeter.Now adjust R5 to get the required charging current. Charging current = (1/10)*Ah value of battery.
- Input to the IC must be at least 18V for getting proper charging voltage at the output .Take a look at the data sheet of LM 317 for better understanding.
- Fix LM317 with a heat sink.
Friday, 24 October 2014
SENSORS INTO THE BRAIN
A blue light shines through a clear implantable medical sensor onto a brain model. See-through sensors, which have been developed by a team of UW-Madison engineers, should help neural researchers better view brain activi.
The team described its technology, which has applications in fields ranging from neuroscience to cardiac care and even contact lenses, in the Oct. 20 issue of the online journal Nature Communications.
The team described its technology, which has applications in fields ranging from neuroscience to cardiac care and even contact lenses, in the Oct. 20 issue of the online journal Nature Communications.
Neural researchers study, monitor or stimulate the brain using imaging techniques in conjunction with implantable sensors that allow them to continuously capture and associate fleeting brain signals with the brain activity they can see. However, it's difficult to see brain activity when there are sensors blocking the view.
"One of the holy grails of neural implant technology is that we'd really like to have an implant device that doesn't interfere with any of the traditional imaging diagnostics," says Justin Williams, a professor of biomedical engineering and neurological surgery at UW-Madison. "A traditional implant looks like a square of dots, and you can't see anything under it. We wanted to make a transparent electronic device."
The researchers chose graphene, a material gaining wider use in everything from solar cells to electronics, because of its versatility and biocompatibility. And in fact, they can make their sensors incredibly flexible and transparent because the electronic circuit elements are only 4 atoms thick -- an astounding thinness made possible by graphene's excellent conductive properties. "It's got to be very thin and robust to survive in the body," says Zhenqiang (Jack) Ma, a professor of electrical and computer engineering at UW-Madison. "It is soft and flexible, and a good tradeoff between transparency, strength and conductivity."
Drawing on his expertise in developing revolutionary flexible electronics, he, Williams and their students designed and fabricated the microelectrode arrays, which -- unlike existing devices -- work in tandem with a range of imaging technologies. "Other implantable microdevices might be transparent at one wavelength, but not at others, or they lose their properties," says Ma. "Our devices are transparent across a large spectrum -- all the way from ultraviolet to deep infrared. We've even implanted them and you cannot find them in an MR scan."
The transparent sensors could be a boon to neuromodulation therapies, which physicians increasingly are using to control symptoms, restore function, and relieve pain in patients with diseases or disorders such as hypertension, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, or others, says Kip Ludwig, a program director for the National Institutes of Health neural engineering research efforts. "Despite remarkable improvements seen in neuromodulation clinical trials for such diseases, our understanding of how these therapies work -- and therefore our ability to improve existing or identify new therapies -- is rudimentary."
Currently, he says, researchers are limited in their ability to directly observe how the body generates electrical signals, as well as how it reacts to externally generated electrical signals. "Clear electrodes in combination with recent technological advances in optogenetics and optical voltage probes will enable researchers to isolate those biological mechanisms. This fundamental knowledge could be catalytic in dramatically improving existing neuromodulation therapies and identifying new therapies."
The advance aligns with bold goals set forth in President Barack Obama's BRAIN (Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies) Initiative. Obama announced the initiative in April 2013 as an effort to spur innovations that can revolutionize understanding of the brain and unlock ways to prevent, treat or cure such disorders as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, post-traumatic stress disorder, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, and others.
While the team centered its efforts on neural research, they already have started to explore other medical device applications. For example, working with researchers at the University of Illinois-Chicago, they prototyped a contact lens instrumented with dozens of invisible sensors to detect injury to the retina; the UIC team is exploring applications such as early diagnosis of glaucoma.
Additional authors on the Nature Communications paper include UW-Madison electrical and computer engineering graduate students Dong-Wook Park and Solomon Mikael, materials science graduate student Amelia A. Schendel, biomedical engineering research specialist Sarah K. Brodnick; biomedical engineering graduate students Thomas J. Richner, Jared P. Ness and Mohammed R. Hayat; collaborators Farid Atry, Seth T. Frye and Ramin Pashaie of the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; and Sanitta Thongpang of Mahidol University in Bangkok, Thailand.
The researchers are patenting their technology through the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation. Funding for the research came from the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, the National Institutes of Health, and the U.S. Office of Naval Research.
Saturday, 11 October 2014
How To Make A Portable 5V USB Charger (For iPods, iPhones, And Mobile Devices)
How To Make A Portable 5V USB Charger (For iPods, iPhones, And Mobile Devices) Circuit diagram of the charger:-
Required materials:-
This Can Charge An iPod, iPhone, or Mobile Phone. As Long as it has a 5V (or around 5V) It Can Charge it through the USB. I will include the schematic and the PCB Layout. Also This Does Work and Im An Electronics Engineer so I Know What Im Talking About. I Will Include The Links of where you can get the supplies you need. Radioshack has everything you will need except a USB Female Jack. I will include one from a website Jameco. OR YOU CAN BY A USB WIRE AT RADIOSHACK AND SOLDER IT ON. But It (A) Might Not Work because the distance the Current is traveling will cause some of the current to be lost. OR (B) It might take longer to charge. Anyways I would go with the jack from Jameco to be safe. Just Follow The Schematic Or PCB Layout. All the best ....!!!!!
This Can Charge An iPod, iPhone, or Mobile Phone. As Long as it has a 5V (or around 5V) It Can Charge it through the USB. I will include the schematic and the PCB Layout. Also This Does Work and Im An Electronics Engineer so I Know What Im Talking About. I Will Include The Links of where you can get the supplies you need. Radioshack has everything you will need except a USB Female Jack. I will include one from a website Jameco. OR YOU CAN BY A USB WIRE AT RADIOSHACK AND SOLDER IT ON. But It (A) Might Not Work because the distance the Current is traveling will cause some of the current to be lost. OR (B) It might take longer to charge. Anyways I would go with the jack from Jameco to be safe. Just Follow The Schematic Or PCB Layout. All the best ....!!!!!Friday, 10 October 2014
how Fan works to cool us?
How Does a Fan Work to Cool You Off?
It feels almost intuitive that the moving air would help keep you cool. After all, that's what a breeze does and, in a pinch, waving a folder in front of your face on a hot day will provide a little relief. But since temperature is a feature of the molecular properties of a substance, the air itself isn't made any cooler by movement—it just makes us feel cooler when it blows by.
On a hot day—or on a not so hot day if it's "wind chill" you're talking about—moving air helps your body with the cooling off process. Humans lose heat—a necessity for thermoregulation—through conduction, radiation, convection, and evaporation. The final two are what account for fans' effects. On a hot day, your body sweats to lose heat through the evaporation of that moisture. In still air, that evaporation causes the area immediately surrounding your skin to reach body temperature and 100 percent humidity—rendering it essentially ineffective to continue the process. A fan, or a breeze, helps by replacing this hot, humid air with cooler, drier air that allows for more evaporation.
Similarly, even without sweat, our body loses heat to the surrounding air simply by convection. If our internal temperature is higher than that of the surrounding air, energy—and thus heat—is transferred. However, once again, in motionless air, this simply creates a boundary area of hot air around you. The breeze from the fan carries that hot air away and perpetuates the process, effectively cooling you off.
Saturday, 4 October 2014
Fan Controller Through Temperature
Fan automatically starts rotating when temperature is hot
http://circuiteasy.com/automatic-fan-controller/
http://circuiteasy.com/automatic-fan-controller/
Thursday, 2 October 2014
How Flashlight Works...!!!
Have you ever wondered what happens when you flip a switch to turn on a light, TV, vacuum cleaneror computer? What does flipping that switch accomplish? In all of these cases, you are completing an electric circuit, allowing acurrent, or flow of electrons, through the wires.
An electric circuit is in many ways similar to your circulatory system. Your blood vessels, arteries, veins and capillaries are like the wires in a circuit. The blood vessels carry the flow of blood through your body. The wires in a circuit carry the electric current to various parts of an electrical or electronic system.
Your heart is the pump that drives the blood circulation in the body. It provides the force or pressure for blood to circulate. The blood circulating through the body supplies various organs, like yourmuscles, brain and digestive system. A battery or generator produces voltage -- the force that drives current through the circuit.
Take the simple case of an electric light. Two wires connect to the light. For electrons to do their job in producing light, there must be a complete circuit so they can flow through the light bulb and then back out.
The diagram above shows a simple circuit of a flashlight with a battery at one end and a flashlight bulb at the other end. When the switch is off, a complete circuit will not exist, and there will be no current. When the switch is on, there will be a complete circuit and a flow of current resulting in the flashbulb emitting light.
Circuits can be huge power systems transmitting megawatts of power over a thousand miles -- or tiny microelectronic chips containing millions of transistors. This extraordinary shrinkage of electronic circuits made desktop computers possible. The new frontier promises to be nanoelectronic circuits with device sizes in the nanometers (one-billionth of a meter).
Automatic Street light
This is another simple circuit which every beginner used to do to get more enthusiastic about doing circuits.....Try it....!!!
http://circuiteasy.com/automatic-street-light
http://circuiteasy.com/automatic-street-light
CLAP SWITCH
Hi Friends this a simple circuit that blows ur mind.By the use of audio amplifier(i.e by clapping )it amplifies the sound to light energy by means of light......Lets try it....!!!!
http://circuiteasy.com/clap-switch
http://circuiteasy.com/clap-switch
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